医院不该赔 病人不该死
北京华卫律师事务所 邓利强
2004年4月27日《健康报》卫生与法栏目以“医院该负什么责任”为题报道了一则让人深思的案子。事情这样的：2001年9月25日陕西人景某在广州火车站因与人争执被警察疑为精神异常送至广州市精神病院，在该院被诊断为“精神分裂症”后景某被送至临时收治“盲流”的广州白云精神康复医院（时为营利性医疗机构）。入院后，景某拒绝进食，经支持治疗17天后景某死亡，经尸检景某死因为“因饥饿而死”同时景某颅内发现拳头大小的灰白色肿瘤。其后白云精神康复医院被两法院审判决承担景某家人各类费用约10万元。
对此事件及判决笔者用一句话形容为 医院不该赔，病人不该死，，本案为的发生及不幸结局的原因都在医疗问题之外。
景某与医院及有直接的法律关系
首先让我们分析一下本案医患关系的实质。
医患之间的关系有两种：合同关系或无因管理。医患合同关系的建立是医患双方（或某代理人）自愿订立合同，该合同的目的是解除痛苦抢救生命；医患之间的另一种法律关系是无因管理，这种情形的发生是基于患者无行为能力或神志不清被其代理人之外的人（如大街上素不相识者）送到医院，此时由于患者不具有订立合同的能力，送病人到医院的人又不是病人的代理人，医患之间这种情况下的关系就是医生履行职责救治病人，双方没有订立合同，这时医患双方的关系在法律上叫无因管理。
本案中，医患双方的关系显然不符合上述两种关系的特点。事实上，此时医院与患者根本没有关系，本案直接建立法律关系的是患者景某与当地政府的。本案中景某到广州白云精神康复医院是当地政府职能部门将其送至医院，此时依惯例医院无权拒绝收留病人，病人也非自愿，这种情况下医院其实只是政府职能部门的代理人或被授权的管理人，根据法律规定代理人或管理人行为的后果不由本人承担而应由被代理人或授权人承担，故本案医院工作的结果应由当地政府部门承担责任，医院根本不应成为本案当事人。
让医院赔付不公平。
第二，从公平角度讲医院也不应承担责任。公平是民法的一个基本原则，也就是平等主体的民事关系讲究权利义务相对应。刚才我们已分析医院本不应成为本案当事人，退一步讲，即使把医院视为合同一方当事人，医院也不应承担责任。民事法律行为遵循等价有偿原则 ，本案的医院当时为营利性医疗机构，对病人收取相应的费用是其起码的权利。综观整个事件的发展我们可能得出以下信息：医院没能收取一分钱的医疗费（是送景某来的部门没给钱还是景某本人根本没钱我们不得而知），景某死亡后医院还支付了殡葬费，那么我们要问精神康复医院的利益何在？在无偿救助他人并代为垫支额外费用后医院尚需赔付其家属公平何在？本案医院对景某的救护不能说十分到位，但我们不应脱离其身份——营利性医疗机构但无人付费、水平——区精神康复医院和已采取的措施——鼻饲，从上述情况看，医院已在其能力范围内实施了救助，在这种情况下医院已履行了相应的义务就不应当再承担责任。对此发达国家有很明确的规范，1998年美国加州首先实施《乐善好施法》以鼓励医师在急诊或院外遇紧急情况救助病人，医生这种情况救治病人除了故意伤害病人，该法豁免了在此情况下所发生的一切医疗过失。从这一立法本意我们可以看出，在特殊情况下我们不能太苛求医生，否则医务人员救治他人的积极性将会被进一步削弱最终受伤害的还是病人。由于本案精神康复医院实施的是无偿救治，从民法公平正义的角度，让康复医院承担民事责任不公平。本案虽然死亡家属得到了赔偿但从实体正义的角度，本判决没有实现社会的正义。
病人不应当死亡
第三，本案景某的死亡是有可能避免的
如果政府职能部门不收容景某；如果政府职能部门及时与景某家人取得联系；如果景某留在广州精神病医院进一步治疗；如果白云区精神康复医院的治疗条件再好一点（给病人用代价高昂的静脉高营养而不考虑谁来埋单）；
如果做到以上几点景某的死亡很有可能被避免。
主要不是医生的问题
最后如果我们要检讨本案的话，我们应当得出以下结论：本案的责任人完全在医疗之外，套用《南方周末》2004年4月29日第十一版一篇文章的标题叫《主要不是医生的问题》。
本文中我不想检讨收容审查制度的弊端，该制度已在我国被废止，这充分说明了该制度本身的问题太多。在这里我想说的是，广州白云精神康复医院根本没有能力给景某使用代价高昂的静脉高营养，该院称医当时已经举步维艰，不考虑费用负担为病人垫支巨额静脉高营养的费用根本不是该院所能承受得起的。此言不假！
据中国教科文卫体工会的调整显示，我国精神病医院政府财政补贴严重不足，2001年国家对全国精神病院的财政补助总额为8.5亿元，仅占财政对医疗卫生事业拔款总额的2.3%，而我国目前精神病病患者及有情绪、行为障碍的人数达数千万人，财政拔款与病人数目的极大反差使全国大多数精神病院举步维艰，医院低水平负债运营，很多医院的建筑是上世纪50-60年代建成，其设备更新更是无从谈起，山西省精神病院直到2002年还在手工计数血细胞数，精神病病院的困境可见一斑！
在这种极度艰难的情况下精神病医院长期负载着收治社会上无法定抚养人或赡养人、无劳动能力、无经济来源的精神病人，大量医疗欠费不能收回，医院为此背上沉重的经济负担，使精神病院雪上加霜。
因此，我认为很多医疗纠纷的产生有很多医疗之外的原因，本案中让广州白云精神康复医院不考虑费用使用代价高昂的静脉高营养是不现实的；医院在没有收一分钱并代为垫支了殡葬费后再让其赔偿10万余元，表面看来受伤害者得到了赔偿，社会的正义得以实现，事实上这样的判决是不公平的，因为公平正义等偿有价的法律原则没能得到实现！
中华人民共和国城镇国有土地使用权出让和转让暂行条例(附英文)
国务院
中华人民共和国城镇国有土地使用权出让和转让暂行条例(附英文)
1990年5月19日，国务院
第一章 总则
第一条 为了改革城镇国有土地使用制度，合理开发、利用、经营土地，加强土地管理，促进城市建设和经济发展，制定本条例。
第二条 国家按照所有权与使用权分离的原则，实行城镇国有土地使用权出让、转让制度，但地下资源、埋藏物和市政公用设施除外。
前款所称城镇国有土地是指市、县城、建制镇、工矿区范围内属于全民所有的土地（以下简称土地）。
第三条 中华人民共和国境内外的公司、企业、其他组织和个人，除法律另有规定者外，均可依照本条例的规定取得土地使用权，进行土地开发、利用、经营。
第四条 依照本条例的规定取得土地使用权的土地使用者，其使用权在使用年限内可以转让、出租、抵押或者用于其他经济活动。合法权益受国家法律保护。
第五条 土地使用者开发、利用、经营土地的活动，应当遵守国家法律、法规的规定，并不得损害社会公共利益。
第六条 县级以上人民政府土地管理部门依法对土地使用权的出让、转让、出租、抵押、终止进行监督检查。
第七条 土地使用权出让、转让、出租、抵押、终止及有关的地上建筑物、其他附着物的登记，由政府土地管理部门、房产管理部门依照法律和国务院的有关规定办理。
登记文件可以公开查阅。
第二章 土地使用权出让
第八条 土地使用权出让是指国家以土地所有者的身份将土地使用权在一定年限内让与土地使用者，并由土地使用者向国家支付土地使用权出让金的行为。
土地使用权出让应当签订出让合同。
第九条 土地使用权的出让，由市、县人民政府负责，有计划、有步骤地进行。
第十条 土地使用权出让的地块、用途、年限和其他条件，由市、县人民政府土地管理部门会同城市规划和建设管理部门、房产管理部门共同拟定方案，按照国务院规定的批准权限报经批准后，由土地管理部门实施。
第十一条 土地使用权出让合同应当按照平等、自愿、有偿的原则，由市、县人民政府土地管理部门（以下简称出让方）与土地使用者签订。
第十二条 土地使用权出让最高年限按下列用途确定：
（一）居住用地七十年；
（二）工业用地五十年；
（三）教育、科技、文化、卫生、体育用地五十年；
（四）商业、旅游、娱乐用地四十年；
（五）综合或者其他用地五十年。
第十三条 土地使用权出让可以采取下列方式：
（一）协议；
（二）招标；
（三）拍卖。
依照前款规定方式出让土地使用权的具体程序和步骤，由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府规定。
第十四条 土地使用者应当在签订土地使用权出让合同后六十日内，支付全部土地使用权出让金。逾期未全部支付的，出让方有权解除合同，并可请求违约赔偿。
第十五条 出让方应当按照合同规定，提供出让的土地使用权。未按合同规定提供土地使用权的，土地使用者有权解除合同，并可请求违约赔偿。
第十六条 土地使用者在支付全部土地使用权出让金后，应当依照规定办理登记，领取土地使用证，取得土地使用权。
第十七条 土地使用者应当按照土地使用权出让合同的规定和城市规划的要求，开发、利用、经营土地。
未按合同规定的期限和条件开发、利用土地的，市、县人民政府土地管理部门应当予以纠正，并根据情节可以给予警告、罚款直至无偿收回土地使用权的处罚。
第十八条 土地使用者需要改变土地使用权出让合同规定的土地用途的，应当征得出让方同意并经土地管理部门和城市规划部门批准，依照本章的有关规定重新签订土地使用权出让合同，调整土地使用权出让金，并办理登记。
第三章 土地使用权转让
第十九条 土地使用权转让是指土地使用者将土地使用权再转移的行为，包括出售、交换和赠与。
未按土地使用权出让合同规定的期限和条件投资开发、利用土地的，土地使用权不得转让。
第二十条 土地使用权转让应当签订转让合同。
第二十一条 土地使用权转让时，土地使用权出让合同和登记文件中所载明的权利、义务随之转移。
第二十二条 土地使用者通过转让方式取得的土地使用权，其使用年限为土地使用权出让合同规定的使用年限减去原土地使用者已使用年限后的剩余年限。
第二十三条 土地使用权转让时，其地上建筑物、其他附着物所有权随之转让。
第二十四条 地上建筑物、其他附着物的所有人或者共有人，享有该建筑物、附着物使用范围内的土地使用权。
土地使用者转让地上建筑物、其他附着物所有权时，其使用范围内的土地使用权随之转让，但地上建筑物、其他附着物作为动产转让的除外。
第二十五条 土地使用权和地上建筑物、其他附着物所有权转让，应当依照规定办理过户登记。
土地使用权和地上建筑物、其他附着物所有权分割转让的，应当经市、县人民政府土地管理部门和房产管理部门批准，并依照规定办理过户登记。
第二十六条 土地使用权转让价格明显低于市场价格的，市、县人民政府有优先购买权。
土地使用权转让的市场价格不合理上涨时，市、县人民政府可以采取必要的措施。
第二十七条 土地使用权转让后，需要改变土地使用权出让合同规定的土地用途的，依照本条例第十八条的规定办理。
第四章 土地使用权出租
第二十八条 土地使用权出租是指土地使用者作为出租人将土地使用权随同地上建筑物、其他附着物租赁给承租人使用，由承租人向出租人支付租金的行为。
未按土地使用权出让合同规定的期限和条件投资开发、利用土地的，土地使用权不得出租。
第二十九条 土地使用权出租，出租人与承租人应当签订租赁合同。
租赁合同不得违背国家法律、法规和土地使用权出让合同的规定。
第三十条 土地使用权出租后，出租人必须继续履行土地使用权出让合同。
第三十一条 土地使用权和地上建筑物、其他附着物出租，出租人应当依照规定办理登记。
第五章 土地使用权抵押
第三十二条 土地使用权可以抵押。
第三十三条 土地使用权抵押时，其地上建筑物、其他附着物随之抵押。
地上建筑物、其他附着物抵押时，其使用范围内的土地使用权随之抵押。
第三十四条 土地使用权抵押，抵押人与抵押权人应当签订抵押合同。
抵押合同不得违背国家法律、法规和土地使用权出让合同的规定。
第三十五条 土地使用权和地上建筑物、其他附着物抵押，应当按照规定办理抵押登记。
第三十六条 抵押人到期未能履行债务或者在抵押合同期间宣告解散、破产的，抵押权人有权依照国家法律、法规和抵押合同的规定处分抵押财产。
因处分抵押财产而取得土地使用权和地上建筑物、其他附着物所有权的，应当依照规定办理过户登记。
第三十七条 处分抵押财产所得，抵押权人有优先受偿权。
第三十八条 抵押权因债务清偿或者其他原因而消灭的，应当依照规定办理注销抵押登记。
第六章 土地使用权终止
第三十九条 土地使用权因土地使用权出让合同规定的使用年限届满、提前收回及土地灭失等原因而终止。
第四十条 土地使用权期满，土地使用权及其地上建筑物、其他附着物所有权由国家无偿取得。土地使用者应当交还土地使用证，并依照规定办理注销登记。
第四十一条 土地使用权期满，土地使用者可以申请续期。需要续期的，应当依照本条例第二章的规定重新签订合同，支付土地使用权出让金，并办理登记。
第四十二条 国家对土地使用者依法取得的土地使用权不提前收回。在特殊情况下，根据社会公共利益的需要，国家可以依照法律程序提前收回，并根据土地使用者已使用的年限和开发、利用土地的实际情况给予相应的补偿。
第七章 划拨土地使用权
第四十三条 划拨土地使用权是指土地使用者通过各种方式依法无偿取得的土地使用权。
前款土地使用者应当依照《中华人民共和国城镇土地使用税暂行条例》的规定缴纳土地使用税。
第四十四条 划拨土地使用权，除本条例第四十五条规定的情况外，不得转让、出租、抵押。
第四十五条 符合下列条件的，经市、县人民政府土地管理部门和房产管理部门批准，其划拨土地使用权和地上建筑物，其他附着物所有权可以转让、出租、抵押：
（一）土地使用者为公司、企业、其他经济组织和个人；
（二）领有国有土地使用证；
（三）具有地上建筑物、其他附着物合法的产权证明；
（四）依照本条例第二章的规定签订土地使用权出让合同，向当地市、县人民政府补交土地使用权出让金或者以转让、出租、抵押所获收益抵交土地使用权出让金。
转让、出租、抵押前款划拨土地使用权的，分别依照本条例第三章、第四章和第五章的规定办理。
第四十六条 对未经批准擅自转让、出租、抵押划拨土地使用权的单位和个人，市、县人民政府土地管理部门应当没收其非法收入，并根据情节处以罚款。
第四十七条 无偿取得划拨土地使用权的土地使用者，因迁移、解散、撤销、破产或者其他原因而停止使用土地的，市、县人民政府应当无偿收回其划拨土地使用权，并可依照本条例的规定予以出让。
对划拨土地使用权，市、县人民政府根据城市建设发展需要和城市规划的要求，可以无偿收回，并可依照本条例的规定予以出让。
无偿收回划拨土地使用权时，对其地上建筑物、其他附着物，市、县人民政府应当根据实际情况给予适当补偿。
第八章 附则
第四十八条 依照本条例的规定取得土地使用权的个人，其土地使用权可以继承。
第四十九条 土地使用者应当依照国家税收法规的规定纳税。
第五十条 依照本条例收取的土地使用权出让金列入财政预算，作为专项基金管理，主要用于城市建设和土地开发。具体使用管理办法，由财政部另行制定。
第五十一条 各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府应当根据本条例的规定和当地的实际情况选择部分条件比较成熟的城镇先行试点。
第五十二条 外商投资从事开发经营成片土地的，其土地使用权的管理依照国务院的有关规定执行。
第五十三条 本条例由国家土地管理局负责解释；实施办法由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府制定。
第五十四条 本条例自发布之日起施行。
INTERIM REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNINGTHE ASSIGNMENT AND TRANSFER OF THE RIGHT TO THE USE OF THE STATE-OWNEDLAND IN THE URBAN AREAS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING
THE ASSIGNMENT AND TRANSFER OF THE RIGHT TO THE USE OF THE STATE-OWNED
LAND IN THE URBAN AREAS
(Promulgated by Decree No. 55 of the State Council of the People's
Republic of China on May 19, 1990 and effective as of the date of
promulgation)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated in order to reform the system of using
the State-owned land in the urban areas, rationally develop, utilize and
manage the land, strengthen land administration and promote urban
construction and economic development.
Article 2
The State, in accordance with the principle of the ownership being
separated from the right to the use of the land, implements the system
whereby the right to the use of the State-owned land in the urban areas
may be assigned and transferred, with the exclusion of the underground
resources, the objects buried underground, and the public works. The term
"State-owned land in the urban areas" as used in the preceding paragraph
refers to the land owned by the whole people (hereafter referred to as
"the land") within the limits of cities, county sites, administrative
towns and industrial and mining areas.
Article 3
Any company, enterprise, other organization and individual within or
outside the People's Republic of China may, unless otherwise provided by
law, obtain the right to the use of the land and engage in land
development, utilization and management in accordance with the provisions
of these Regulations.
Article 4
Users of the land who have obtained the right to the use of the land in
accordance with these Regulations may, within the term of land use,
transfer, lease, or mortgage the right to the use of the land or use it
for other economic activities, and their lawful rights and interests shall
be protected by the laws of the State.
Article 5
Users of the land shall, in their activities to develop, utilize and
manage the land, abide by the laws and regulations of the state and may
not jeopardize the interests of the society and the public.
Article 6
The land administrative departments under the people's governments at or
above the county level shall conduct supervision and inspection, according
to law, over the assignment, transfer, lease, mortgage and termination of
the right to the use of the land.
Article 7
The registration of the assignment, transfer, lease, mortgage and
termination of the right to the use of the land and the registration of
the above-ground buildings and other attached objects shall be handled by
the land administration department and housing administration departments
of the government in accordance with the law and the pertinent regulations
of the State Council.
The registration documents shall be made available for public reference.
Chapter II The Assignment of the Right to the Use of the Land
Article 8
The assignment of the right to the use of the land refers to the act of
the State as the owner of the land who, within the term of a certain
number of years, assigns the right to the use of the land to land users,
who shall in turn pay fees for the assignment thereof to the State.
An assignment contract shall be signed for assigning the right to the use
of the land.
Article 9
People's governments at the municipal and county levels shall be in charge
of assigning the right to the use of land, which shall be effected in a
planned, step-by-step way.
Article 10
The land administration departments under the people's governments at the
municipal and county levels shall, in conjunction with the administrative
departments for urban planning and construction and the housing
administration departments, draw up a plan concerning the size and
location, the purposes, the term, and other conditions with respect to the
assigning of the right to the use of the land. The plan shall be submitted
for approval in accordance with the limits of authority for approval as
stipulated by the State Council and shall then be implemented by the land
administration departments.
Article 11
The contract for assigning the right to the use of the land shall be
signed by and between the land administration departments under the
people's governments at the municipal and county levels (hereinafter
referred to as "the assigning party") and the land users in accordance
with the principle of equality, voluntariness and compensation for use.
Article 12
The maximum term with respect to the assigned right to the use of the land
shall be determined respectively in the light of the purposes listed
below:
(1) 70 years for residential purposes;
(2) 50 years for industrial purposes;
(3) 50 years for the purposes of education, science, culture, public
health and physical education;
(4) 40 years for commercial, tourist and recreational purposes; and
(5) 50 years for comprehensive utilization or other purposes.
Article 13
The assignment of the right to the use of the land may be carried out by
the following means:
(1) by reaching an agreement through consultations;
(2) by invitation to bid; or
(3) by auction.
The specific procedures and steps for assigning the right to the use of
the land by the means stipulated in the preceding paragraphs shall be
formulated by the people's government of the relevant province, automonous
region, or municipality directly under the Central Government.
Article 14
The land user shall, within 60 days of the signing of the contract for the
assignment of the right to the use of the land, pay the total amount of
the assignment fee thereof, failing which, the assigning party shall have
the right to terminate the contract and may claim compensation for breach
of contract.
Article 15
The assigning party shall, in compliance with the stipulations of the
contract, provide the right to the use of the land thus assigned, failing
which, the land user shall have the right to terminate the contract and
may claim compensation for breach of contract.
Article 16
After paying the total amount of the fee for the assignment of the right
to the use of the land, the land user shall, in accordance with the
relevant provisions, go through the registration thereof, obtain the
certificate for land use and accordingly the right to the use of the land.
Article 17
The land user shall, in conformity with the stipulations of the contract
for the assignment of the right to the use of land and the requirements of
city planning, develop, utilize and manage the land.
Should any land user fail to develop and utilize the land in accordance
with the period of time specified in the contract and the conditions
therein, the land administration departments under the people's
governments at the municipal and county levels shall make corrections and,
in light of the seriousness of the case, give such penalties as a warning,
a fine or, in an extreme case, withdrawing the right to the use of the
land without compensation.
Article 18
If the land user needs to alter the purposes of land use as stipulated in
the contract for assigning the right to the use of land, he shall obtain
the consent of the assigning party and the approval of the land
administration department and the urban planning department and shall, in
accordance with the relevant provisions in this Chapter, sign a new
contract for assigning the right to the use of the land, readjust the
amount of the assignment fee thereof, and undertake registration anew.
Chapter III The Transfer of the Right to the Use of the Land
Article 19
The transfer of the right to the use of the land refers to the land user's
act of re-assigning the right to the use of the land, including the sale,
exchange, and donation thereof. If the land has not been developed and
utilized in accordance with the period of time specified in the contract
and the conditions therein, the right to the use thereof may not be
transferred.
Article 20
A transfer contract shall be signed for the transfer of the right to the
use of the land.
Article 21
With the transfer of the right to the use of the land, the rights and
obligations specified in the contract for assigning the right to the use
of the land and in the registration documents shall be transferred
accordingly.
Article 22
The land user who has acquired the right to the use of the land by means
of the transfer thereof shall have a term of use which is the remainder of
the term specified in the contract for assigning the right to the use of
the land minus the number of the years in which the original land user has
used the land.
Article 23
With the transfer of the right to the use of the land, the ownership of
the above-ground buildings and other attached objects shall be transferred
accordingly.
Article 24
The owners or joint owners of the above-ground buildings and other
attached objects shall have the right to the use of the land within the
limits of use of the said buildings and objects.
With the transfer of the ownership of the above-ground buildings and other
attached objects by the land users, the right to the use of the land
within the limits of use of the said buildings and objects shall be
transferred accordingly, with the exception of the movables.
Article 25
With respect to the transfer of the right to the use of the land and of
the ownership of the above-ground buildings and other attached objects,
registration for the transfer shall be undertaken in accordance with the
relevant provisions.
Divided transfer of the right to the use of the land and of the ownership
of the above-ground buildings and other attached objects shall be subject
to the approval of the land administration department and the housing
administration departments under the people's governments at the municipal
and county levels, and registration for the divided transfer shall be
undertaken in accordance with the relevant provisions.
Article 26
When the transfer of the right to the use of the land is priced at a level
obviously lower than the prevailing market price, the people's governments
at the municipal and county levels shall have the priority of the purchase
thereof.
When the market price for the transfer of the right to the use of the land
rises to an unreasonable extent, the people's governments at the municipal
and county levels may take necessary measures to cope with it.
Article 27
If, after the transfer of the right to the use of the land, necessity
arises for altering the purposes of land use as stipulated in the contract
for assigning the right to the use of the land, it shall be handled in
accordance with the provisions in Article 18 of these Regulations.
Chapter IV The Lease of the Right to the Use of the Land
Article 28
The lease of the right to the use of the land refers to the act of the
land user as the lessor to lease the right to the use of the land together
with the above-ground buildings and other attached objects to the lessee
for use who shall in turn pay lease rentals to the lessor. If the land has
not been developed and utilized in accordance with the period of time
specified in the contract and the conditions therein, the right to the use
thereof may not be leased.
Article 29
A lease contract shall be signed for leasing the right to the use of the
land by and between the lessor and the lessee.
The lease contract shall not run counter to the laws and regulations of
the State or the stipulations of the contract for assigning the right to
the use of the land.
Article 30
After leasing the right to the use of the land, the lessee must continue
to perform the contract for assigning the right to the use of the land.
Article 31
With respect to the lease of the right to the use of the land together
with the above-ground buildings and other attached objects, the lessee
shall undertake registration in accordance with the relevant provisions.
Chapter V The Mortgage of the Right to the Use of the Land
Article 32
The right to the use of the land may be mortgaged.
Article 33
With the mortgage of the right to the use of the land, the above-ground
buildings and other attached objects thereon shall be mortgaged
accordingly.
With the above-ground buildings and other attached objects, the right to
the use of the land within the limits of use of the said buildings and
objects shall be mortgaged accordingly.
Article 34
A mortgage contract shall be signed for mortgaging the right to the use of
the land by and between the mortgagor and the mortgagee.
The mortgage contract shall not run counter to the laws and regulations of
the State or the stipulations of the contract for assigning the right to
the use of the land.
Article 35
With respect to the mortgage of the right to the use of the land together
with the above-ground buildings and other attached objects, registration
for the mortgage shall be undertaken in accordance with the relevant
provisions.
Article 36
If the mortgagor fails to fulfil liabilities within the prescribed period
of time or declares dissolution or bankruptcy within the term of the
mortgage contract, the mortgagee shall have the right to dispose of the
mortgaged property in accordance with the laws and regulations of the
State and the stipulations of the mortgage contract. With respect to the
right to the use of the land and the ownership of the above-ground
buildings and other attached objects acquired as a result of the disposal
of the mortgaged property, transfer registration shall be undertaken in
accordance with the relevant provisions.
Article 37
The mortgagee shall have the priority of compensation with respect to the
receipts resulting from the disposal of the mortgaged property.
Article 38
If the mortgage is eliminated as a result of the liquidation of
liabilities or for other reasons, procedures shall be undertaken to
nullify the mortgage registration.
Chapter VI The Termination of the Right to the Use of the Land
Article 39
The right to the use of the land terminate for such reasons as the
expiration of the term of use as stipulated in the contract for assigning
the right to the use of the land, the withdrawal of the right before the
expiration, or the loss of the land.
Article 40
Upon expiration of the term of use, the right to the use of the land and
the ownership of the above-ground buildings and other attached objects
thereon shall be acquired by the State without compensation. The land user
shall surrender the certificate for land use and undertake procedures to
nullify the registration.
Article 41
Upon expiration of the term of use, the land user may apply for its
renewal. Where such a renewal is necessary, a new contract shall be signed
in accordance with the provisions in Chapter II of these Regulations and
the land user shall pay the fee for the assignment of the right to the use
of the land and undertake registration.
Article 42
The State shall not withdraw before the expiration of the term of use the
right to the use of the land which the land user acquired in accordance
with the law. Under special circumstances, the State may, based on the
requirements of social public interests, withdraw the right before the
expiration of the term of use in line with the relevant legal procedures
and shall, based on the number of years in which the land user has used
the land and actual state of affairs with respect to the development and
utilization of the land, offer corresponding compensation.
Chapter VII The Allocated Right to the Use of the Land
Article 43
The allocated right to the use of the land refers to the right to the use
of the land which the land user acquires in accordance with the law, by
various means, and without compensation.
The land user referred to in the preceding paragraph shall pay tax for the
use of the land in accordance with the provisions of the Interim
Regulations of the People's Republic of China Concerning the Tax for the
Use of the Land in the Urban Areas.
Article 44
The allocated right to the use of the land may not be transferred, leased,
or mortgaged, with the exception of cases as specified in Article 45 of
these Regulations.
Article 45
On condition that the following requirements are satisfied, the allocated
right to the use of the land and the ownership of the above-ground
buildings and other attached objects may, subject to the approval of the
land administration departments and the housing administration departments
under the people's governments at the municipal and county levels, be
transferred, leased or mortgaged:
(1) the land users are companies, enterprises, or other economic
organizations, or individuals;
(2) a certificate for the use of state-owned land has been obtained;
(3) possessing legitimate certificates of property rights to the above-
ground buildings and other attached objects; and
(4) a contract for assigning the right to the use of land is signed in
accordance with the provisions in Chapter II of these Regulations and the
land user makes up for the payment of the assignment fee to the local
municipal or county people's government or uses the profits resulting from
the transfer, lease or mortgage to pay the assignment fee.
The transfer, lease or mortgage of the allocated right to the use of the
land referred to in the preceding paragraphs shall be handled respectively
in accordance with the provisions in Chapters III, IV and V of these
Regulations.
Article 46
Any units or individuals that transfers, lease or mortgage the allocated
right to the use of the land without authorization shall have their
illegal incomes thus secured confiscated by the land administration
departments under the people's governments at the municipal and county
levels and shall be fined in accordance with the seriousness of the case.
Article 47
If the land user who has acquired the allocated right to the use of the
land without compensation stops the use thereof as a result of moving to
another site, dissolution, disbandment, or bankruptcy or for other
reasons, the municipal or county people's government shall withdraw the
allocated right to the use of the land without compensation and may assign
it in accordance with the relevant provisions of these Regulations.
The municipal or county people's government may, based on the needs of
urban construction and development and the requirements of urban planning,
withdraw the allocated right to the use of the land without compensation
and may assign it in accordance with the relevant provisions of these
Regulations.
When the allocated right to the use of the land is withdrawn without
compensation, the municipal or county people's government shall, in the
light of the actual state of affairs, give due compensation for the above-
ground buildings and other attached objects thereon.
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 48
The right to the use of the land may be inherited if it is acquired by
individuals in accordance with the provisions of these Regulations.
Article 49
The land user shall pay tax in accordance with the provisions of the tax
laws and regulations of the State.
Article 50
Fees collected by assigning the right to the use of the land in accordance
with these Regulations shall be included in the fiscal budget and managed
as a special fund, which shall be used mainly for urban construction and
land development. The specific measures for the use and management of the
fund shall be separately prescribed by the Ministry of Finance.
Article 51
The people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, in accordance
with the provisions of these Regulations and with the actual state of
affairs in their respective localities, select as their pilot testing
grounds some of the cities or towns where conditions are relatively ripe.
Article 52
With respect to foreign investors engaging in developing and managing
tracts of land, the administration of the right to the use of the land
shall be effected in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State
Council.
Article 53
The State Administration for Land Uses shall be responsible for the
interpretation of these Regulations; the measures for the implementation
thereof shall be formulated by the people's government of the provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government.
Article 54
These Regulations shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
